Methods to prepare biosorbents and magnetic sorbents for water treatment: a review

Abstract Access to drinkable water is becoming more and challenging due worldwide pollution the cost of treatments. Water wastewater treatment by adsorption on solid materials usually cheap effective in removing contaminants, yet classical adsorbents are not sustainable because they derived from fossil fuels, can induce secondary pollution. Therefore, biological sorbents made modern biomass increasingly studied as promising alternatives. Indeed, such biosorbents utilize waste that would otherwise pollute systems, promote circular economy. Here we review biosorbents, magnetic sorbents, other cost-effective with emphasis preparation methods, types, mechanisms, regeneration spent adsorbents. Biosorbents prepared a wide range materials, including wood, bacteria, algae, herbaceous agricultural waste, animal waste. Commonly removed contaminants comprise dyes, heavy metals, radionuclides, pharmaceuticals, personal care products. Preparation methods include coprecipitation, thermal decomposition, microwave irradiation, chemical reduction, micro-emulsion, arc discharge. Adsorbents be classified into activated carbon, biochar, lignocellulosic clays, zeolites, peat, humic soils. We detail isotherms kinetics. Regeneration supercritical fluid desorption. also discuss exhausted adsorbent management disposal. found agro-waste remove up 68–100% while wooden, herbaceous, bacterial, marine-based 55–99% metals. Animal waste-based 1–99% The average removal efficiency modified around 90–95%, but some treatments, cross-linked beads, may negatively affect their efficiency.